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Martian chaos terrain : ウィキペディア英語版 | Martian chaos terrain Chaos terrain on Mars is distinctive; nothing on Earth compares to it. Chaos terrain generally consists of irregular groups of large blocks, some tens of kilometres across and a hundred or more meters high. The tilted and flat topped blocks form depressions hundreds of metres deep. A chaotic region can be recognized by a rat's nest of mesas, buttes, and hills, chopped through with valleys which in places look almost patterned.〔Carr, M. 2006. The Surface of Mars. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-87201-0〕〔Forget, F., et al. 2006. Planet Mars Story of Another World. Praxis Publishing, Chichester, UK. ISBN 978-0-387-48925-4〕 Some parts of this chaotic area have not collapsed completely—they are still formed into large mesas, so they may still contain water ice.〔http://themis.asu.edu/features/aramchaos〕 Chaos regions formed long ago. By counting craters (more craters in any given area means an older surface) and by studying the valleys' relations with other geological features, scientists have concluded the channels formed 2.0 to 3.8 billion years ago.〔http://themis.asu.edu/feature/51〕 ==Locations==
The greatest concentrations of chaotic terrain are in the same locations as giant, ancient river valleys. Because so many large channels seem to originate from chaotic terrain, it is widely believed that chaos terrain is caused by water coming out the ground in the form of massive floods.〔Carr, M. 1978. Formation of martian flood features by release of water from confined aquifers. NASA Technical Memorandum 79729. 260-262.〕 Most of the chaotic terrain exists in the highlands of Mars, south of Chryse Planitia, in the Oxia Palus quadrangle, and along the Martian dichotomy. But some chaos regions can be found in Margaritifer Sinus quadrangle, Phaethontis quadrangle, and Lunae Palus quadrangle.
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